The CASS is a 16-item Likert-type questionnaire measuring shame currently felt by parents of young adults for their abusive behaviors during the time they were rearing their children.
The PTI is a questionnaire that measures the effect of chronic illness on a parent's ability to perform child care and other parenting tasks for their infants, children, and adolescents.
The PPAQ is a 61-item Likert-type scale that assesses attitudes, relationships, and changing roles of mothers in the weeks and months after giving birth.
The FES is a 34-item Likert-type questionnaire that evaluates levels of empowerment experienced by parents or other caregivers of children with emotional difficulties.
