The PSPI was developed as three separate but related scales to measure aspects of parenting style, specifically regarding adolescent achievement and maternal employment.
The PNS is a 24-item Likert-type questionnaire designed to evaluate perceptions of adolescents and young adults regarding nurturing behaviors and perspectives of their parents.
The FFQ is a 20-item Likert-type scale assessing strategies used by parents to assist adolescent sons and daughters in developing friendships in a new community following a family move.
